Site Analysis

part two of fundamentals of design

Time to have a good ol’ look at your space. A thorough site analysis ensures that the design not only looks beautiful but functions well, taking into account the garden's natural conditions, existing structures, and potential challenges.

Key Questions to Ask yourself During ‘Site Analysis’

We are simply noting the physical characteristics of the space. These questions help identify opportunities and limitations, ensuring that the design works harmoniously with the site.

1. What Is the Size and Shape of the Garden?

• What are the exact measurements of the garden?

  • Taking accurate measurements ensures you design within the available space, leaving room for paths, features, and plantings.

• Are there any irregular shapes or awkward corners?

  • Irregular shapes may need creative solutions, like curved borders or focal points to make use of odd spaces.

• Are there any changes in level (slopes, steps, terraces)?

  • Slopes can offer opportunities for terraces or water features but might also require retaining walls or erosion control.

Considerations: The size and shape determine the garden’s scale and layout, influencing plant and material choices, circulation, and usability. Slopes or changes in elevation could dictate drainage solutions, as well as the need for steps or ramps for accessibility.

2. Wheres the sun? or What Is the Garden’s Orientation?

• Which direction does the garden face?

  • South-facing gardens typically receive the most sun, while north-facing ones are more shaded.

• How does sunlight move through the garden during the day?

  • This helps position seating areas, plants, and features like vegetable gardens that need plenty of light.

• Do any areas experience full shade or full sun?

Considerations: The orientation determines the microclimates within the garden—where sun-loving or shade-loving plants should go and where to place features like patios. For example, you might place a seating area in a sunny spot or, conversely, under the natural shade of a tree for a cool retreat in summer.

3. What Is the Soil Type and Condition?

• Is the soil sandy, clay, loamy, or chalky?

  • Each soil type has its advantages and limitations (e.g., clay holds moisture but can get waterlogged, while sandy soil drains quickly but may need improvement to hold nutrients).

• What is the pH of the soil?

  • Soil pH (acidic, neutral, or alkaline) affects plant selection. Some plants, like rhododendrons, prefer acidic soil, while others, like lavender, thrive in more alkaline conditions.

• Is the soil compacted, or does it drain well?

  • Poor drainage can cause problems with waterlogging and root rot. If the soil is compacted, it may require loosening or amending with organic matter.

Considerations: The soil type and condition influence plant choices and may require soil amendments (like adding organic matter to clay soil) or drainage solutions. If drainage is a problem, you may need to install drainage systems or consider raised beds.

4. What Are the Climate Conditions?

• What is the local climate like throughout the year?

  • Consider frost, rainfall, and wind. For example, certain plants or features might not survive in areas prone to frost.

• Is the garden exposed to harsh winds?

  • Strong winds can damage plants and dry out the soil. You might need to create windbreaks with hedging or fencing.

• What are the average temperatures, and are there microclimates within the garden?

  • For instance, a sheltered corner may be warmer than other parts of the garden and can be perfect for more delicate plants.

Considerations: Climate affects everything—from plant selection to the materials you use for hardscaping. In areas with strong winds, for example, you might use tough, wind-resistant plants and sturdy fencing. In wetter climates, you might prioritize drainage solutions or choose materials that won’t become slippery when wet.

5. Are There Any Existing Features or Structures?

• What existing trees, shrubs, or plants are already in place?

  • Identify any mature trees or shrubs that could serve as focal points or natural shade providers. Also, determine if anything needs to be removed or pruned.

• Are there any buildings, fences, walls, or hardscape elements?

  • These structures can provide boundaries, privacy, or support for climbing plants. You’ll also need to consider how they impact the aesthetic and practical aspects of the design.

• Are there any utility lines, drainage pipes, or irrigation systems in place?

  • Knowing the location of underground utilities prevents costly mistakes during digging or construction.

Considerations: Existing features can either be incorporated into the design or removed, depending on their condition and relevance to the new design. Trees and shrubs that are in good health may provide immediate structure, while unsightly or damaged elements may need to be replaced or masked.

6. What Are the Drainage Conditions?

• Does the garden have areas that collect water or are prone to waterlogging?

  • Low spots or clay-heavy areas may retain water, causing drainage issues.

• Does water naturally flow through the garden, and where does it go?

  • Observing the water flow can help you design features like French drains, swales, or rain gardens to handle excess water.

• Are there any signs of erosion?

  • If water is washing away soil or causing issues with stability, this needs to be addressed.

Considerations: Poor drainage or erosion can damage plants and hardscaping, so it’s essential to address these issues early on. You might need to install drainage systems, create raised beds, or contour the land to direct water away from problem areas.

7. What Are the Wind Conditions?

• Is the garden exposed to prevailing winds, and from which direction do they come?

  • Wind can dry out soil, damage plants, and create discomfort in seating areas.

• Are there any natural or built windbreaks (hedges, trees, walls) in place?

  • Existing windbreaks can be enhanced or supplemented to protect more delicate plants and create sheltered areas.

Considerations: Wind exposure can determine plant placement and whether windbreaks (like hedges, fencing, or trees) are necessary. Wind-tolerant plants should be selected for exposed areas, while seating or dining areas should ideally be placed in sheltered zones.

8. What Views Do You Want to Enhance or Hide?

• What views do you want to emphasize?

  • For example, a distant view of hills or a beautiful tree could become a focal point.

• Are there any unsightly views (neighboring buildings, utility poles) that need screening?

  • These could be masked with hedging, trees, or strategically placed structures like pergolas.

Considerations: Views play a significant role in garden design, shaping the placement of focal points, seating areas, and screening elements. You might create "framed" views using carefully positioned plants or features to draw the eye towards beautiful vistas while screening less attractive areas.

9. Are There Any Privacy Concerns?

• Do you have any areas that feel too exposed to neighbors or the street?

  • This could dictate the need for hedges, fencing, or other privacy solutions.

• Would you like to create any secluded areas within the garden for relaxation or entertaining?

Considerations: Privacy is key for many clients. Strategically placed trees, shrubs, or fences can create a sense of enclosure or seclusion, enhancing both the function and aesthetic of the garden.

10. What Are the Access Points and Circulation Paths?

• Where are the entry and exit points in the garden?

  • Understanding how people enter and exit the space helps design logical and attractive pathways.

• Are there any existing paths, and do they function well?

  • Evaluate whether current paths are positioned in practical locations or if they need to be adjusted for better circulation.

Considerations: Access and circulation impact the layout and flow of the garden. Wide, well-designed paths can guide visitors through the space and connect different areas, while narrower paths might lead to more intimate, secluded spots.

11. What Are the Potential Problem Areas?

• Are there any steep slopes, rocky areas, or dense shade that could be problematic?

• Is there anything that could hinder future development or require specific solutions (e.g., invasive plant species, pests, or large tree roots)?

Considerations: Identifying problem areas early allows for planning solutions. For example, steep slopes may need terracing, while deep shade might limit plant choices or require shade-tolerant species.

The Outcome of a Thorough Site Analysis

Once these questions are answered, you’ll have a detailed understanding of the site’s strengths, limitations, and unique characteristics. This knowledge will:

• Inform plant selection (choosing plants suited to soil, climate, and light conditions).

• Guide hardscaping decisions (like where to place paths, patios, and structures).

• Ensure that any challenges (like drainage or wind) are addressed early in the design process.

• Allow you to make the most of existing features (like mature trees or beautiful views).

A well-executed site analysis provides the foundation for a garden design that works harmoniously with the natural environment, creating a space that’s both functional and beautiful for years.